A record number of anti-fracking measures are on the midterm ballots—but gas drilling isn’t the only climate and environmental issue that will be put to voters on Tuesday.
Americans across the country will decide on everything from climate resiliency and drought relief to oil and gas taxes and wildlife protection.
Here’s InsideClimate News’ pick of the top five ballot measures to watch November 4:
State: CALIFORNIA
Ballot Measure: Proposition 1—Water bond
Why It Matters: Would help California prepare for future droughts.
The Details: If approved, this initiative would authorize the spending of $7.5 billion for water infrastructure projects, making it the fourth-largest water bond measure in California’s history.
Inside the fight: California is currently in the midst of a multiyear drought that is rapidly draining its drinking and agricultural water supplies. The crisis has led to growing public awareness that climate change will fuel more frequent and severe droughts in the coming decades.
Driven mostly by this new understanding, Prop 1 has received widespread bipartisan support in California, including from Gov. Jerry Brown, Sens. Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, and both the California Democratic and Republican Parties. Also on board are many of the state’s business, farming and environmental groups, including the Nature Conservancy, Audubon, the Natural Resources Defense Council and the California League of Conservation Voters. Supporters have raised more than $13 million.
However, there are a number of grassroots, activism-based green groups such as CREDO Action, Tar Sands Action and Food and Water Watch that oppose the bond—particularly its focus on building new dams. “Don’t let them fool you: Proposition 1 won’t provide drought relief, won’t solve California’s long-term water crisis and will continue to reward corporate greed at the expense of California taxpayers and the environment,” said Adam Scow, director of Food and Water Watch California.
State: LOUISIANA
Ballot Measure: Amendment 8—Constitutional amendment to create the Artificial Reef Development Fund
Why It Matters: Safeguards environmental funds from being used for anything but conservation work.
The Details: Amendment 8 would write Louisiana’s Artificial Reef Development Fund into the state constitution.
Inside the fight: Louisiana established a program in 1986 to convert decommissioned oil and gas rigs into artificial reef systems that provide habitat for marine life in otherwise barren areas. The program is paid for by oil and gas companies, which donate the old platforms and half of whatever money they save from not having to do traditional onshore removal. In recent years, however, nearly $46 million has been taken from the program to plug state budget shortfalls. The ballot measure would make the fund part of the constitution so it could only be used to manage the reefs and enhance fisheries, even in times of financial hardship.
State officials, environmentalists and fishing groups all support the measure. Louisiana voters and businesses are still concerned about the condition of the Gulf of Mexico following the BP oil spill in 2010—something that artificial reefs would help improve by fostering hotspots for marine life. But the amendment hasn’t received much coverage by the media, so it might take some voters by surprise in the voting booth.
State: MASSACHUSETTS
Ballot Measure: Question 1—Repealing the automatic escalation of the state gasoline tax
Why It Matters: The debate has centered on arguments that the tax revenue is needed to keep roads safe, but gas taxes have significant implications for greenhouse gas emissions.
The Details: A yes vote would eliminate a new requirement that the state’s 28 cents per gallon gas tax be adjusted annually to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index.
Inside the fight: It’s never easy for politicians to raise gas taxes, since consumers pay the price at the pump. But these are a traditional source of financing for roads, bridges and mass transit. So when the Massachusetts legislature last year increased the state tax to 28 cents a gallon, they indexed future tax rates to inflation, avoiding the need to revisit the issue again and again.
Anti-tax forces struck back with this ballot referendum, Question 1, proposing to eliminate the automatic indexing. “No tax should increase automatically,” say leading opponents on their website. They call it “taxation without representation,” even though elected state lawmakers devised the new formula.
Those who would leave the law in place (a “no” vote on the ballot question) say that there are hundreds of unsafe roads and bridges in need of repair—and the costs to taxpayers to fix them will only increase.
Green groups, too, oppose the ballot question. They prefer future gas tax hikes to remain automatic because that would help cut greenhouse gas pollution.
First, higher taxes on gasoline reduce consumption of oil, and hence greenhouse gas emissions, because people drive less when fuel costs more. Second, higher gas taxes make alternative fuel-efficient vehicles like hybrids and electric plug-ins even more attractive compared to gas-guzzling engines. Third, a smoothly running transportation network, along with well-funded mass transit systems, reduce congestion and again increase fuel efficiency. Finally, a robust infrastructure program will allow Massachusetts to build more resilient transportation facilities, adapting to the risks of climate change such as heavy storms and sea level rise.
The Massachusetts vote, like many such local ballot initiatives, will be seen as a test case for the bigger national question. Washington has had a hard time with its own gas-tax problem, leaving the federal highway trust fund in a perennial state of crisis.
State: NORTH DAKOTA
Ballot Measure: Measure 5—Earmarking oil revenues for land conservation
Why It Matters: Fossil fuel development has filled the state’s coffers, but its impact is being felt on the landscape at a time when climate change may also threaten ecosystems.
The Details: If approved, the state would have to set aside 5 percent of the taxes it collects on oil and gas drilling for conservation, including buying land, creating parks and preserving wildlife habitat.
Inside the fight: The recent drilling boom has left North Dakota in an enviable financial position. It has been able to cut taxes, build infrastructure and set aside money in a swelling rainy day fund.
Now conservationists, led by Ducks Unlimited, are trying to get some of that money dedicated to enhancing wildlife habitat and preserving other valuable ecosystems. These lands are threatened not just by the widespread development, but also by farmers dropping out of conservation reserve programs in favor of planting more crops.
The oil and gas industry, led by the American Petroleum Institute, strongly opposes the proposal. Each side has spent heavily on swaying voters.
This ballot initiative is a notable test of whether hunters and the outdoorsy set, with their old-style conservation values focused on open lands, can find equal footing with the boomtown machinery in a state that is going through a remarkable phase of development.
State: RHODE ISLAND
Ballot Measure: Question 7—Clean Water, Open Space and Healthy Communities Bonds
Why It Matters: Asks citizens to vote on climate resiliency measures.
The Details: If approved, this ballot measure would greenlight the spending of $53 million for environmental and recreational projects, such as brownfield remediation and updating a zoo. It would also include $3 million for flood prevention, including improving the resiliency of coastal communities to sea level rise and storms.
Inside the fight: Rhode Island might be the nation’s smallest state, but it has 400 miles of coastline—and much of its economic and cultural activity is clustered along its shore. Climate change is expected to raise sea levels 5 feet along the state’s coast by 2100. Although $3 million doesn’t seem like a lot, it is a start—and Rhode Island is the only state in the nation with coastal climate resiliency on its ballot this November.
Both the Rhode Island House and Senate overwhelmingly approved placing this measure on the ballot, and many state elected officials have thrown their support behind it. Local environmental groups, businesses and newspapers have endorsed it as well. Opponents of the measure don’t disapprove of the proposed projects themselves, but rather its cost. An analysis by the Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council found that taxpayers would pay nearly 50 percent more over the life of the project’s loan because of interest. This would mean the state would borrow $248 million for all four of the bonds on the state’s ballot this election, but pay back $400 million.
