According to a new report commissioned by the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners, maintaining all the current U.S. restrictions on oil and gas drilling through 2030 would cost the country $2.36 trillion in gross domestic product over the next 20 years.
This represents more than half a percent decrease in the economy every year for two decades, and drilling supporters are seizing on the numbers. However, some economists say the report ignores too many factors to be taken seriously.
The report estimates economic hits from not drilling in restricted areas based on jobs lost, increases in electricity and gasoline prices, and the need to spend billions more on importing oil from elsewhere, but it does not include the potential to counteract some of those issues with domestic investments in renewable energy and efficiency.
According to the vice-chair of the NARUC study group, Dave Harbour, the hope is that this new analysis might play a role in the Obama administration’s decisions on whether or not to open up some restricted lands to new drilling operations. President Bush officially lifted the decades-old moratoria in 2008, but the new administration has yet to allow new projects to move forward.
Robert Pollin, a professor of economics and co-director of the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, says that to think that one particular policy decision — maintaining the moratoria on drilling in a fraction of the nation’s oil and gas reserves — could take such an enormous chunk out of the country’s overall GDP is “absurd.”
The important factor with regard to changes in the GDP is not whether or not there is new drilling, he says, but the price of oil.
“If the price of oil goes up, one of the factors that will influence how much that impacts GDP is how effective we are at energy conservation," Pollin says. "The more we invest now in energy efficiency and building retrofits and public transportation, that is going to reduce the impact of any kind of a price shock on GDP.”
The moratoria in question cover tens of millions of acres of restricted federal lands, as well as offshore sites in the north Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of Alaska, California and elsewhere. There are about 285 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 46 billion barrels of crude oil in the areas in question. Even using high estimates of the total available oil and gas reserves in the U.S., the restricted areas amount to less than 20 percent of the total.
If the moratoria are maintained, the report estimates that domestic crude oil production would decrease by 9.9 billion barrels, or an average annual drop of almost 15 percent. It assumes that consumption levels would not change, despite that drop, meaning that imports from OPEC countries would increase by 4.1 billion barrels at a cost increase of $607 billion.
“I really don’t think that people in this country understand how much value goes into our economy from the oil and gas industry,” says Michelle Foss, a chief energy economist at the University of Houston and an “official observer” of the NARUC moratoria study group. “The trade off [to not developing the oil and gas resources] is an economic hit.”
The Value of Leaving Oil in the Ground
J. Scott Holladay, an economics fellow at New York University School of Law’s Institute for Policy Integrity, says that some assumptions and omissions in the report call the huge GDP number into question. One of the biggest omissions, he says, is the option value of leaving the oil where it is.
“These kinds of options are traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange," he says. “Basically the idea is, we’ve got two choices: We could drill it now and sell it on the market for whatever crude is going for now, or we could leave it in the ground and see how the price of crude changes over time.”
Thus, there is a cash value to leaving oil and gas in the ground, and that value was not included in the model.
“I suspect it would swamp the energy costs they’re talking about here,” Holladay says. “Those option values for leaving it in the ground are worth quite a bit, when you consider that if the price of crude goes to $200, we’re going to regret drilling when it was $50. That’s a market-based effect. No one argues that’s not a real economic benefit to not drilling now. There is a consensus on that, but it is not something that most people are talking about yet.”
Alternatives Might Counter the Costs
There have also been numerous analyses done indicating that transitioning toward a clean energy economy and reducing fossil fuel consumption would be beneficial for the economy.
Holladay helped conduct one such report, entitled “The Other Side of the Coin” in September 2009. The study found that the proposed cap-and-trade legislation in Congress would result in a net benefit to the economy in terms of jobs and output, which would work to increase the country’s economic output. Clearly, there is more than one way to look at the future of the GDP.
Harbour, the former regulatory commissioner of Alaska and vice-chair of the study group, says that the NARUC report is not making a judgment on amounts of oil but is simply showing that it is better to burn domestically produced oil and gas than fuels produced elsewhere.
“All I’m saying is that lawmakers have to consider whether or not they want to continue exporting dollar bills and jobs to bring in that barrel or they want to bring in that barrel from here,” he says. “That doesn’t mean that in general we’ll burn more oil, it just means we’ll burn more domestic oil.”
The study was funded by a long list of oil and gas companies and industry groups, from EnCana Corporation and Marathon Oil Company to the American Petroleum Institute and the American Gas Association, though neither Harbour nor Foss thinks there is any issue with the study’s sponsors.
Pollin also says that moving away from fossil fuel consumption will actually help the economy instead of hurt it. He and colleagues produced an analysis in 2008 showing that an investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy would create 17 jobs per million dollars spent while fossil fuel development would create only five jobs per million dollars. The end result could be that by focusing priorities away from further drilling and toward other energy options the GDP could increase rather than decrease.
There really isn’t a downside to moving away from increased fossil fuel production toward energy efficiency and clean energy, Pollin says.
“Overall it’s great for employment, its great for the environment, and nobody has been able to show that it would have a serious economic impact on growth,” he says.
See also:
Obama Budget Erases Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Ramps Up Nuclear Spending
Federal Government and Military to Reduce Own Emissions 28% by 2020
Sen. Murkowski Launches Attack on EPA, with 3 Democratic Co-Sponsors
New Climate Bill Framework Embraces GOP Energy Mantra: All of the Above
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